Our Mission
“……Religions, Customs, Way of Living, Lifestyle, rituals, festivals, folk lore, songs, music, cultural, biodiversity , traditional way of medical treatments, way of cooking, drinking, manufacturing, managing their cultural life, handling social economic life, political life, are the key elements of our universal cultural heritage, tangible or intangible, as what MAM Jonker88 advocated and promoted since 1998…. “
MAM Museum (UNESCO-ICO 29766) as institutional member of UNESCO-ICOM ( International Council of Museum since 1998), also served as international committee members of CECA, CIMAM, CIMUSET, ICMAT, also served as national members of ICOMMAL, Ministry of Culture & Heritage, Malaysia.
MAM Jonekr88 Group is a strategic partners and smart partners of International Cultural Exchange Foundation, EVA Universe Foundation, International Numismatic Foundation, Zheng He & Islamic Civilization Foundation.
Presently, MAM Jonker88 Group, is running its intangible cultural heritage activities in State of Melaka, as World Heritage City of UNESCO, inscribed officially on July 7, 2008, strategically located at Jonker88 ( 88, Jalan Hang Jebat, 75200, Melaka, Malaysia , website: www.jonker88,com www.emalacca.com Blog malaccawhc@blogspot.com )
This Jonker88 cultural heartland, is strategically located along the Cultural Corridor of Melaka Open Living Museum, where typical cultural lifestyle and folklore of Melaka, within its 176 hectares of WHC cultural zone, 37 hectares Core Zone, 143 hectares Hard Zone, are colourfully embedded along our Melaka Living Human Treasures ( Hereen Street-Jalan Tun Tan Cheng Lock, Jonker Street-Jalan Hang Jebat, Jalan Tokong, Jalan Tukang Besi, Jalan Tukang Emas, Jalan Kasturi, Jalan Hang Lekiu, Jln Kampong Pantei, Kampong Hulu, Jalan Laksamana, Jalan Kota, Jalan Istana…).
This newly created Melaka Super Cultural Corridor as our Universal Heritage, as our Melaka New Cultural Economy, New Cultural Creativity Industry, as our Melaka New Cultural Capital Heartland, is a total new cultural biodiversity of our Melaka State, is our historic intangible cultural heritage zoning, also as our regional sustainable cultural tourism development hub.
This is our Melaka’s futuristic biodiversity road map, this is our newly created world class sustainable millennium program, as encysted in our UNESCO & World Bank’s top priority agenda for developing this green, sustainable, environmental friendly projects, yang berjiwa rakyat, yang berjiwa sedunia, sebumi, sejiwa peri kemanusiaan, yang bersifat “ Oneness”( We are One, We Are The World )
This is why Jonker88 Group who are running their traditional foods and chendol of Nyonya Baba-oriented, since 1998, are specially recipied, way prepared of Melaka taste, Melaka style, Melaka way ( bercorak keMelakaan, bersifat keNyonya-Babaan, like those handy made, home-cooked Nonya Baba Laksa, Asam Laksa, Goreng-goreng, Baba Salad, fresh , handmade Ah Mah Fish Cake series, all are catered professionally to serve our international tourists, domestic rakyat, world citizens, anak Melaka and rakyat Malaysia, friends of MAM museum, all are welcomed to Melaka, UNESCO WHC!
This is our Logo, our Mission, our Identity, our Brand, is a real reflection of our Semangat Melaka, Setail Melaka, Gaya Melaka ( fundamental spirit of anak Melaka, Melaka style and Melaka taste, our Melaka Way…My Way!!!)
Preamble : Explanation Note
“…..Intangible culture is the counterpart of cultural which is tangible or touchable, whereas intangible culture includes song, music, drama, skills, crafts, and the other parts of culture that can be recorded but cannot be touched and interacted with, without a vehicle for the culture. These cultural vehicles are called "Human Treasures" by the UN. According to the 2003 Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage, the intangible cultural heritage (ICH) – or living heritage – is the mainspring of humanity's cultural diversity and its maintenance a guarantee for continuing creativity. It is defined as follows:
Intangible Cultural Heritage means the practices, representations, expressions, knowledge, skills – as well as the instruments, objects, artifacts and cultural spaces associated therewith – that communities, groups and, in some cases, individuals recognize as part of their cultural heritage.
This intangible cultural heritage, transmitted from generation to generation, is constantly recreated by communities and groups in response to their environment, their interaction with nature and their history, and provides them with a sense of identity and continuity, thus promoting respect for cultural diversity and human creativity.
For the purposes of this Convention, consideration will be given solely to such intangible cultural heritage as is compatible with existing international human rights instruments, as well as with the requirements of mutual respect among communities, groups and individuals, and of sustainable development.
The following Paper attached with its photos, are part of our cultural exchange programs, also part of our educational enhancement activities, just to provide a platform for our friends and visitors of our Blog’s e-educational session, to understand the world religious believing….say, what is the Neraka or Hell of our Islam, Taoism and Buddhism… Hope you share and enjoy it. ^_^
Karma - Pembalasan - 业因果报
Neraka Jahannam & Hari Kiamat
Naraka, Neraka (Sanskrit: नरक) or Niraya (Pāli: निरय) is the name given to one of the worlds of greatest suffering in Buddhist cosmology.
Naraka is usually translated into English as "hell", "hell realm", or "purgatory".
The Narakas of Buddhism are closely related to diyu, the hell in Chinese mythology.
A Naraka differs from the hells of Abrahamic religions in two respects: firstly, beings are not sent to Naraka as the result of a divine judgment and punishment; secondly, the length of a being's stay in a Naraka is not eternal, though it is usually very long.
A being is born into a Naraka as a direct result of his or her accumulated karma and resides there for a finite period of time until that karma has achieved its full result.
After his or her karma is used up, he or she will be reborn in one of the higher worlds as the result of karma that had not yet ripened.
In the Devaduta Sutta, the 130th discourse of Majjhima Nikaya, the Buddha teaches about hell in vivid detail.
Physically, Narakas are thought of as a series of cavernous layers which extend below Jambudvīpa (the ordinary human world) into the earth. There are several schemes for enumerating these Narakas and describing their torments.
The Abhidharma-kosa (Treasure House of Higher Knowledge) is the root text that describes the most common scheme, the Eight Cold Narakas and Eight Hot Narakas.
Cold Narakas
- Arbuda (頞部陀), the "blister" Naraka, is a dark, frozen plain surrounded by icy mountains and continually swept by blizzards. Inhabitants of this world arise fully grown and abide lifelong naked and alone, while the cold raises blisters upon their bodies.
- The length of life in this Naraka is said to be the time it would take to empty a barrel of sesame seed if one only took out a single seed every hundred years.
- Nirarbuda (刺部陀), the "burst blister" Naraka, is Naraka is even colder than Arbuda. There, the blisters burst open, leaving the beings' bodies covered with frozen blood and pus.
- Aṭaṭa (頞听陀) is the "shivering" Naraka. There, beings shiver in the cold, making an aṭ-aṭ-aṭ sound with their mouths.
- Hahava (臛臛婆) is the "lamentation" Naraka. There, the beings lament in the cold, going haa, haa in pain.
- Huhuva (虎々婆), the "chattering teeth" Naraka, is where beings shiver as their teeth chatter, making the sound hu, hu.
- Utpala (嗢鉢羅) is the "blue lotus" Naraka. The intense cold there makes the skin turn blue like the colour of an utpala waterlily.
- Padma (鉢特摩), the "lotus" Naraka, has blizzards that cracks open frozen skin, leaving one raw and bloody.
- Mahāpadma (摩訶鉢特摩) is the "great lotus" Naraka. The entire body cracks into pieces and the internal organs are exposed to the cold, also cracking.
Each lifetime in these Narakas is twenty times the length of the one before it.
Hot Narakas
- Sañjīva, the "reviving" Naraka, has ground made of hot iron heated by an immense fire. Beings in this Naraka appear fully grown, already in a state of fear and misery.
- As soon as the being begins to fear being harmed by others, their fellows appear and attack each other with iron claws and hell guards appear and attack the being with fiery weapons.
- As soon as the being experiences an unconsciousness like death, they are suddenly restored to full health and the attacks begin again.
- Other tortures experienced in this Naraka include having molten metal dropped upon them, being sliced into pieces, and suffering from the heat of the iron ground. Life in this Naraka is 1.62×1012 years long.
- It is said to be 1000 yojanas beneath Jambudvīpa and 10,000 yojanas in each direction (a yojana being 7 miles, or 11 kilometres).
- Kālasūtra, the "black thread" Naraka, includes the torments of Sañjīva. In addition, black lines are drawn upon the body, which hell guards use as guides to cut the beings with fiery saws and sharp axes. Life in this Naraka is 1.296×1013 years long.
- Saṃghāta, the "crushing" Naraka, is surrounded by huge masses of rock that smash together and crush the beings to a bloody jelly. When the rocks move apart again, life is restored to the being and the process starts again.
- Life in this Naraka is 1.0368×1014 years long
- Raurava, the "screaming" Naraka, is where beings run wildly about, looking for refuge from the burning ground.
- When they find an apparent shelter, they are locked inside it as it blazes around them, while they scream inside. Life in this Naraka is 8.2944×1014 years long.
- Mahāraurava, the "great screaming" Naraka, is similar to Raurava.
- Punishment in here are for people who maintain their own body by hurting others. In this hell, ruru animals known as kravyāda torment them and eat their flesh. Life in this Naraka is 6.63552×1015 years long.
- Tapana is the "heating" Naraka, where hell guards impale beings on a fiery spear until flames issue from their noses and mouths. Life in this Naraka is 5.308416×1016 years long.
- Pratāpana, the "great heating" Naraka. The tortures here are similar to the Tapana Naraka, but the beings are pierced more bloodily with a trident.
- Life in this Naraka is 4.2467328×1017 years long. It is also said to last for the length of half an antarakalpa .
- Avīci, is the "uninterrupted" Naraka. Beings are roasted in an immense blazing oven with terrible suffering. Life in this Naraka is 3.39738624×1018 years long. It is also said to last for the length of an antarakalpa.
Some sources describe five hundred or even hundreds of thousands of different Narakas.
The sufferings of the dwellers in Naraka often resemble those of the Pretas, and the two types of being are easily confused. The simplest distinction is that beings in Naraka are confined to their subterranean world, while the Pretas are free to move about.
Neraka Jahannam & Hari Kiamat
Ini adalah ayat-ayat yang diturunkan, yang dipetik daripada kitab suci Al Quran, yang menceritakan keadaan kehidupan penyiksaan di Neraka Jahannam, khususnya bila tibanya Hari Kiamat, sebagai ancaman dan peringatan kepada umat manusia, sepertimana yang sama keadaannya, yang dihuraikan dalam kitab-kitab Buddhism da Taoism.
Inilah ayat-ayat yang berbunyi berikut, yang dipetik & diturunkan untuk rujukan kamu:-
“…..Dan barangsiapa yang menentang Rasul sesudah jelas kebenaran baginya, dan mengikuti jalan yang bukan jalan orang-orang mu'min, Kami biarkan ia leluasa terhadap kesesatan yang telah dikuasainya itu dan Kami masukkan ia ke dalam Jahannam, dan Jahannam itu seburuk-buruk tempat kembali. (4:115)
Dan orang-orang yang berkata: "Ya Tuhan kami, jauhkan azab jahannam dari kami, sesungguhnya azabnya itu adalah kebinasaan yang kekal". (25:65)
Dan orang-orang yang tidak menyembah tuhan yang lain beserta Allah dan tidak membunuh jiwa yang diharamkan Allah (membunuhnya) kecuali dengan (alasan) yang benar, dan tidak berzina, barang siapa yang melakukan yang demikian itu, niscaya dia mendapat (pembalasan) dosa(nya), (25:68)
(yakni) akan dilipat gandakan azab untuknya pada hari kiamat dan dia akan kekal dalam azab itu, dalam keadaan terhina, (25:69)
kecuali orang-orang yang bertaubat, beriman dan mengerjakan amal saleh; maka itu kejahatan mereka diganti Allah dengan kebajikan. Dan adalah Allah maha Pengampun lagi Maha Penyayang. (25:70)….
“…..dan laut yang di dalam tanahnya ada api, (52:6)
Masukklah kamu ke dalamnya (rasakanlah panas apinya); maka baik kamu bersabar atau tidak, sama saja bagimu; kamu diberi balasan terhadap apa yang telah kamu kerjakan. (52:16)……”
“….(yaitu) bahwasanya seorang yang berdosa tidak akan memikul dosa orang lain, (53:38)
dan bahwasanya Dia telah membinasakan kaum 'Aad yang pertama, (53:50)
Dan kaum Nuh sebelum itu. Sesungguhnya mereka adalah orang-orang yang paling zalim dan paling durhaka, (53:52)
Ini (Muhammad) adalah seorang pemberi peringatan di antara pemberi-pemberi peringatan yang terdahulu. (53:56)
Azab-Ku & Ancaman-Ku….
Rasailah kamu…..!
“…..mereka datang dengan cepat kepada penyeru itu. Orang-orang kafir berkata: "Ini adalah hari yang berat." (54:8)
Sebelum mereka, telah mendustakan (pula) kamu Nuh, maka mereka mendustakan hamba Kami (Nuh) dan mengatakan: "Dia seorang gila dan dia sudah pernah diberi ancaman). (54:9)
Maka dia mengadu kepada Tuhannya: "bahwasanya aku ini adalah orang yang dikalahkan, oleh sebab itu menangkanlah (aku)." (54:10)
Dan Kami jadikan bumi memancarkan mata air-mata air, maka bertemulah air-air itu untuk suatu urusan yang sungguh telah ditetapkan. (54:12)
Yang berlayar dengan pemeliharaan Kami sebagai belasan bagi orang-orang yang diingkari (Nuh). (54:14)
Dan sesungguhnya telah Kami jadikan kapal itu sebagai pelajaran, maka adakah orang yang mau mengambil pelajaran? (54:15)
“…..Dan sesungguhnya telah Kami mudahkan Al-Quraan untuk pelajaran, maka adakah orang yang mengambil pelajaran? (54:17)
Sesungguhnya Kami telah menghembuskan kepada mereka angin yang sangat kencang pada hari nahas yang terus menerus, (54:19)
“…..Dan sesungguhnya telah Kami mudahkan Al Quraan untuk pelajaran, maka adakah orang yang mengambil pelajaran? (54:22)
Maka mereka berkata: "Bagaimana kita akan mengikuti seorang manusia (biasa) di antara kita?" Sesungguhnya kalau kita begitu benar-benar berada dalam keadaan sesat dan gila". (54:24)
“…..Apakah wahyu itu diturunkan kepadanya di antara kita? Sebenarnya dia adalah seorang yang amat pendusta lagi sombong. (54:25)
Sesungguhnya Kami akan mengirimkan unta betina sebagai cobaan bagi mereka, maka tunggulah (tindakan) mereka dan bersabarlah. (54:27)
Dan beritakanlah kepada mereka bahwa sesungguhnya air itu terbagi antara mereka (dengan unta betina itu); tiap-tiap giliran minum dihadiri (oleh yang punya giliran) (54:28)
Sesungguhnya Kami menimpakan atas mereka satu suara yang keras mengguntur, maka jadilah mereka seperti rumput kering (yang dikumpulkan oleh) yang punya kandang binatang. (54:31)
Dan sesungguhnya telah Kami mudahkan Al Quraan untuk pelajaran, maka adakah orang yang mengambil pelajaran? (54:32)
“…..Sesungguhnya Kami telah menghembuskan kepada mereka angin yang membawa batu-batu (yang menimpa mereka), kecuali keluarga Luth. Mereka Kami selamatkan sebelum fajar menyingsing, (54:34)
sebagai ni'mat dari Kami. Demikianlah Kami memberi balasan kepada orang-orang yang bersyukur, (54:35)
Dan sesungguhnya dia (Luth) telah memperingatkan mereka akan azab-azab Kami, maka mereka mendustakan ancaman-ancaman itu. (54:36)
“….Dan sesungguhnya mereka telah membujuknya (agar menyerahkan) tamnuya (kepada mereka), lalu Kami butakan mata mereka, maka rasakanlah azab-Ku dan ancaman-ancaman-Ku. (54:37)
Dan sesungguhnya telah Kami mudahkan Al Quraan untuk pelajaran, maka adakah orang yang mengambil pelajaran? (54:40)…..
Mereka mendustakan mu'jizat kami semuanya, lalu Kami azab mereka sebagai azab dari Yang Maha Perkasa lagi Maha Kuasa (54:42)
Apakah orang-orang kafirmu (hai kaum musyrikin) lebih baik dari mereka itu, atau apakah kamu telah mempunyai jaminan kebebasan (dari azab) dalam Kitab-kitab yang dahulu (54:43)
“….Sebenarnya hari kiamat itulah hari yang dijanjikan kepada mereka dan kiamat itu lebih dahsyat dan lebih pahit. (54:46)
(Ingatlah) pada hari mereka diseret ke neraka atas muka mereka. (Dikatakan kepada mereka): "Rasakanlah sentuhan api neraka!" (54:48)
“….Dan sesungguhnya telah Kami binasakan orang yang serupa dengan kamu. Maka adakah orang yang mau mengambil pelajaran? (54:51)
Semua yang ada di bumi itu akan binasa. (55:26)
Akan tetapi (aku hanya) menyampaikan (peringatan) dari Allah dan risalah-Nya. Dan barangsiapa yang mendurhakai Allah dan Rasul-Nya maka sesungguhnya baginyalah neraka Jahannam, mereka kekal di dalamnya selama-lamanya. (72:23
“…..Aku akan memasukkannya ke dalam (neraka) Saqar. (74:26)
“….Sesungguhnya Saqar itu adalah salah satu bencana yang amat besar, (74:35)
“….Pada hari itu diberitakan kepada manusia apa yang telah dikerjakannya dan apa yang dilalaikannya. (75:13)
Janganlah kamu gerakkan lidahmu untuk (membaca) Al Qur'an karena hendak cepat-cepat (menguasai)nya. (75:16)
Sesungguhnya atas tanggungan Kamilah mengumpulkannya (di dadamu) dan (membuatmu pandai) membacanya. (75:17)….”
kemudian ia pergi kepada ahlinya dengan berlagak (sombong). (75:33)
Bukankah (Allah yang berbuat) demikian berkuasa (pula) menghidupkan orang mati? (75:40)
“….Apabila matahari digulung, (81:1)
“….sesungguhnya Al Qur'aan itu benar-benar firman (Allah yang dibawa oleh) utusan yang mulia (Jibril), (81:19)
yang mempunyai kekuatan, yang mempunyai kedudukan tinggi di sisi Allah yang mempunyai 'Arsy, (81:20)
Dan kamu tidak dapat menghendaki (menempuh jalan itu) kecuali apabila dikehendaki Allah, Tuhan semesta alam. (81:29)
Jika Nabi menceraikan kamu, boleh jadi Tuhannya akan memberi ganti kepadanya dengan isteri yang lebih baik daripada kamu, yang patuh, yang beriman, yang ta'at, yang bertaubat, yang mengerjakan ibadat, yang berpuasa, yang janda dan yang perawan. (66:5)
“…..Hai orang-orang yang beriman, peliharalah dirimu dan keluargamu dari api neraka yang bahan bakarnya adalah manusia dan batu; penjaganya malaikat-malaikat yang kasar, keras, dan tidak mendurhakai Allah terhadap apa yang diperintahkan-Nya kepada mereka dan selalu mengerjakan apa yang diperintahkan. (66:6)
Maka di antara mereka (orang-orang yang dengki itu), ada orang-orang yang beriman kepadanya, dan di antara mereka ada orang-orang yang menghalangi (manusia) dari beriman kepadanya. Dan cukuplah (bagi mereka) Jahannam yang menyala-nyala apinya. (4:55)
Sesungguhnya orang-orang yang kafir kepada ayat-ayat Kami, kelak akan Kami masukkan mereka ke dalam neraka. Setiap kali kulit mereka hangus, Kami ganti kulit mereka dengan kulit yang lain, supaya mereka merasakan azab. Sesungguhnya Allah Maha Perkasa lagi Maha Bijaksana. (4:56)……”
Surah 82, Al Infithaar (Terbelah)
Dengan menyebut nama Allah Yang Maha Pemurah lagi Maha Penyayang
Hai manusia, apakah yang telah memperdayakan kamu (berbuat durhaka) terhadap Tuhanmu Yang Maha Pemurah. (82:6)
Yang telah menciptakan kamu lalu menyempurnakan kejadianmu dan menjadikan (susunan tubuh)mu seimbang, (82:7)
Padahal sesungguhnya bagi kamu ada (malaikat-malaikat) yang mengawasi (pekerjaanmu), (82:10)
dan sesungguhnya orang-orang yang durhaka benar-benar berada dalam neraka. (82:14)
(Yaitu) hari (ketika) seseorang tidak berdaya sedikitpun untuk menolong orang lain. Dan segala urusan pada hari itu dalam kekuasaan Allah. (82:19)
pada suatu hari yang besar, (83:5)
Sekali-kali jangan curang, karena sesungguhnya kitab orang yang durhaka tersimpan dalam sijjin. (83:7)
Dan tidak ada yang mendustakan hari pembalasan itu melainkan setiap orang yang melampaui batas lagi berdosa, (83:12)
Sekali-kali tidak, sesungguhnya mereka pada hari itu benar-benar tertutup dari (rahmat) Tuhan mereka. (83:15)
Sekali-kali tidak, sesungguhnya kitab orang-orang yang berbakti itu (tersimpan) dalam 'Illiyyin. (83:18)
Apabila langit terbelah, (84:1)
dan patuh kepada Tuhannya, dan sudah semestinya bumi itu patuh, (pada waktu itu manusia akan mengetahui akibat perbuatannya). (84:5
Sudah datangkah kepadamu berita (tentang) hari pembalasan? (88:1)
Maka apakah mereka tidak memperhatikan unta bagaimana dia diciptakan, (88:17)
Apabila bumi digoncangkan dengan goncangan (yang dahsyat), (99:1)
Pada hari itu manusia ke luar dari kuburnya dalam keadaan bermacam-macam, supaya diperlihatkan kepada mereka (balasan) pekerjaan mereka, (99:6)
Barangsiapa yang mengerjakan kebaikan seberat dzarrahpun, niscaya dia akan melihat (balasan)nya. (99:7)
Dan barangsiapa yang mengerjakan kejahatan sebesar dzarrahpun, niscaya dia akan melihat (balasan)nya pula. (99:8)
Hari Kiamat, (101:1)
Bermegah-megahan telah melalaikan kamu, (102:1)
kemudian kamu pasti akan ditanyai pada hari itu tentang kenikmatan (yang kamu megah-megahkan di dunia itu). (102:8)
Kecelakaanlah bagi setiap pengumpat lagi pencela, (104:1)
Binasalah kedua tangan Abu Lahab dan sesungguhnya dia akan binasa. (111:1)
Ni'mat Tuhan kamu yang manakah yang kamu dustakan?
Setiap waktu Dia dalam kesibukan. (55:29)
Hai jama'ah jin dan manusia, jika kamu sanggup menembus (melintasi) penjuru langit dan bumi, maka lintasilah, kamu tidak dapat menembusnya kecuali dengan kekuatan. (55:33)
Kepada kamu, (jin dan manusia) dilepaskan nyala api dan cairan tembaga maka kamu tidak dapat menyelamatkan diri (dari padanya). (55:35)
Orang-orang yang berdosa dikenal dengan tanda-tandannya, lalu dipegang ubun-ubun dan kaki mereka. (55:41)
Allah
Katakanlah: "Dia-lah Allah, Yang Maha Esa. (112:1)
Dialah Allah Yang tiada Tuhan selain Dia, Yang Mengetahui yang ghaib dan yang nyata, Dia-lah Yang Maha Pemurah lagi Maha Penyayang. (59:22)
Dialah Allah Yang tiada Tuhan selain Dia, Raja, Yang Maha Suci, Yang Maha Sejahtera, Yang Mengaruniakan Keamanan, Yang Maha Memelihara, Yang Maha Perkasa, Yang Maha Kuasa, Yang Memiliki segala Keagungan, Maha Suci Allah dari apa yang mereka persekutukan. (59:23)
Dialah Allah Yang Menciptakan, Yang Mengadakan, Yang Membentuk Rupa, Yang Mempunyai Asmaaul Husna. Bertasbih kepadaNya apa yang di langit dan bumi. Dan Dialah Yang Maha Perkasa lagi Maha Bijaksana. (59:24)
Mudah-mudahan Allah menimbulkan kasih sayang antaramu dengan orang-orang yang kamu musuhi di antara mereka. Dan Allah adalah Maha Kuasa. Dan Allah Maha Pengampun lagi Maha Penyayang. (60:7)
Allah tidak melarang kamu untuk berbuat baik dan berlaku adil terhadap orang-orang yang tiada memerangimu karena agama dan tidak (pula) mengusir kamu dari negerimu. Sesungguhnya Allah menyukai orang-orang yang berlaku adil. (60:8)
Sesungguhnya Allah hanya melarang kamu menjadikan sebagai kawanmu orang-orang yang memerangimu karena agama dan mengusir kamu dari negerimu, dan membantu (orang lain) untuk mengusirmu. Dan barangsiapa menjadikan mereka sebagai kawan, maka mereka itulah orang-orang yang zalim. (60:9)
Sesungguhnya telah ada suri tauladan yang baik bagimu pada Ibrahim dan orang-orang yang bersama dengan dia; ketika mereka berkata kepada kaum mereka : "Sesungguhnya kami berlepas diri daripada kamu dari daripada apa yang kamu sembah selain Allah, kami ingkari (kekafiran)mu dan telah nyata antara kami dan kamu permusuhan dan kebencian buat selama-lamanya sampai kamu beriman kepada Allah saja. Kecuali perkataan Ibrahim kepada bapaknya : Sesungguhnya aku akan memohonkan ampunan bagi kamu dan aku tiada dapat menolak sesuatupun dari kamu (siksaan) Allah". (Ibrahim berkata): "Ya Tuhan kami hanya kepada Engkaulah kami bertawakkal dan hanya kepada Engkaulah kami bertaubat dan hanya kepada Engkaulah kami kembali." (60:4)
Ya Tuhan kami, janganlah Engkau jadikan kami (sasaran) fitnah bagi orang-orang kafir. Dan ampunilah kami ya Tuhan kami. Sesungguhnya Engkaulah Yang Maha Perkasa lagi Maha Bijaksana. (60:5)
Sesungguhnya pada mereka itu (Ibrahim dan umatnya) ada teladan yang baik bagimu; (yaitu) bagi orang-orang yang mengharap (pahala) Allah dan (keselamatan pada) Hari Kemudian. Dan barangsiapa yang berpaling, maka sesungguhnya Allah Dia-lah yang Maha kaya lagi Maha Terpuji. (60:6)
Mudah-mudahan Allah menimbulkan kasih sayang antaramu dengan orang-orang yang kamu musuhi di antara mereka. Dan Allah adalah Maha Kuasa. Dan Allah Maha Pengampun lagi Maha Penyayang. (60:7)
Allah tidak melarang kamu untuk berbuat baik dan berlaku adil terhadap orang-orang yang tiada memerangimu karena agama dan tidak (pula) mengusir kamu dari negerimu. Sesungguhnya Allah menyukai orang-orang yang berlaku adil. (60:8)
Sesungguhnya Allah hanya melarang kamu menjadikan sebagai kawanmu orang-orang yang memerangimu karena agama dan mengusir kamu dari negerimu, dan membantu (orang lain) untuk mengusirmu. Dan barangsiapa menjadikan mereka sebagai kawan, maka mereka itulah orang-orang yang zalim. (60:9)
Jika kamu meminjamkan kepada Allah pinjaman yang baik, niscaya Allah melipat gandakan balasannya kepadamu dan mengampuni kamu. Dan Allah Maha Pembalas Jasa lagi Maha Penyantun. (64:17)
Sesungguhnya Allah menyuruh kamu menyampaikan amanat kepada yang berhak menerimanya, dan (menyuruh kamu) apabila menetapkan hukum di antara manusia supaya kamu menetapkan dengan adil. Sesungguhnya Allah memberi pengajaran yang sebaik-baiknya kepadamu. Sesungguhnya Allah adalah Maha Mendengar lagi Maha Melihat. (4:58)
Hai orang-orang yang beriman, ta'atilah Allah dan ta'atilah Rasul (Nya), dan ulil amri di antara kamu. Kemudian jika kamu berlainan pendapat tentang sesuatu, maka kembalikanlah ia kepada Allah (Al Qur'an) dan Rasul (sunnahnya), jika kamu benar-benar beriman kepada Allah dan hari kemudian. Yang demikian itu lebih utama (bagimu) dan lebih baik akibatnya. (4:59)
Dan barangsiapa yang membunuh seorang mu'min dengan sengaja maka balasannya ialah Jahannam, kekal ia di dalamnya dan Allah murka kepadanya, dan mengutukinya serta menyediakan azab yang besar baginya. (4:93)
Hai orang-orang yang beriman, apabila kamu pergi (berperang) di jalan Allah, maka telitilah dan janganlah kamu mengatakan kepada orang yang mengucapkan "salam" kepadamu : "Kamu bukan seorang mu'min" (lalu kamu membunuhnya), dengan maksud mencari harta benda kehidupan di dunia, karena di sisi Allah ada harta yang banyak. Begitu jugalah keadaan kamu dahulu, lalu Allah menganugerahkan ni'mat-Nya atas kamu, maka telitilah. Sesungguhnya Allah Maha Mengetahui apa yang kamu kerjakan. (4:94)
Tidaklah sama antara mu'min yang duduk (yang tidak ikut berperang) yang tidak mempunyai 'uzur dengan orang-orang yang berjihad di jalan Allah dengan harta mereka dan jiwanya. Allah melebihkan orang-orang yang berjihad dengan harta dan jiwanya atas orang-orang yang duduk satu derajat. Kepada masing-masing mereka Allah menjanjikan pahala yang baik (surga) dan Allah melebihkan orang-orang yang berjihad atas orang yang duduk dengan pahala yang besar, (4:95)
(yaitu) beberapa derajat dari pada-Nya, ampunan serta rahmat. Dan adalah Allah Maha Pengampun lagi Maha Penyayang. (4:96)
Sesungguhnya orang-orang yang diwafatkan malaikat dalam keadaan menganiaya diri sendiri, (kepada mereka) malaikat bertanya : "Dalam keadaan bagaimana kamu ini?". Mereka menjawab : "Adalah kami orang-orang yang tertindas di negeri (Mekah)". Para malaikat berkata : "Bukankah bumi Allah itu luas, sehingga kamu dapat berhijrah di bumi itu?". Orang-orang itu tempatnya neraka Jahannam, dan Jahannam itu seburuk-buruk tempat kembali, (4:97)
Tidak ada kebaikan pada kebanyakan bisikan-bisikan mereka, kecuali bisikan-bisikan dari orang yang menyuruh (manusia) memberi sedekah, atau berbuat ma'ruf, atau mengadakan perdamaian di antara manusia. Dan barangsiapa yang berbuat demikian karena mencari keredhaan Allah, maka kelak Kami memberi kepadanya pahala yang besar. (4:114)
佛教的因果论是因缘果报
नरक Naraka）或捺落迦（梵文：निरय Niraya），佛教術語，是佛教中六道中的恶趣之一。
阎罗王的判决取决于此人生前行事的善恶：生前积德行善立功的人，阎罗王会让他升到天堂成為神仙，或者给他一个幸福的来世；生前行凶作恶的人，阎罗王会让他下地狱，接受各种惩罚，或给他安排一个惡劣的来世。这是因果报应、抑恶扬善等民间信仰在“阎罗王”观念上的体现。
地狱的观念同时出现在古代东方的印度和西方的西亚，这是个很有趣的问题，其最初来源可能是位于两者之间的伊朗高原。
据德语WIKI百科本条目介绍，早在公元前1800年古波斯的拜火教就有这样的描述：末日审判是有一个大火坑，好人在那里被牛奶和蜂蜜浇灌，而坏人则被融化的金属溶液浇灌。
有人認為這是东西方所有地狱观念的共同起源，研究古波斯宗教的学者也持此观点。一種觀點認為佛教傳入前中國沒有地獄觀念。
以著有《東漢生死觀》的余英時等為代表的學者認為，中國道教原本已有地獄觀念，佛教傳入後又影響後來道教的地獄概念。\
地獄與痛苦的負面情緒有不可分割的聯想，佛教認為地獄道是沒有喜悅意和喜樂的地方，在六道之中最苦的境界；地獄道的是囚犯即“罪鬼”，這與鬼道中的鬼是不同的。
由於與痛苦有密切關係，故有人用來指災難後的情況如人間地獄。
道教說法
佛教說法
阿鼻地獄是“八大地獄”之一，也有人說是十八層地獄的最底一層；阿鼻地獄是地獄中最苦、最黑暗的一種，大部份永世不能超生，一日有億次死生，往往刑期皆在百億年之久（古時佛經的年跟現在的年長短不同）。
凡造五逆罪（殺母、殺父、殺阿羅漢、破和合僧、出佛身血）及十重罪（殺生、偷盜、淫邪、妄言、惡口、綺旖、兩舌、貪欲、嗔恚、邪見等），死後必墜於阿鼻地獄，以「五事業感」（趣果無間、受苦無間、時無間、命無間、身形無間）。
《觀佛三昧海經》卷五觀佛心品第四：“所謂苦者。阿鼻地獄。十八小地獄。十八寒地獄。十八黑闇地獄。十八小熱地獄。十八刀輪地獄。十八劍輪地獄。十 八火車地獄。十八沸屎地獄。
十八鑊湯地獄。十八灰河地獄。五百億劍林地獄。五百億刺林地獄。五百億銅柱地獄。五百億鐵機地獄。五百億鐵網地獄。十八鐵窟地 獄。十八鐵丸地獄。十八尖石地獄。十八飲銅地獄。如是等眾多地獄。”
事實上，十八層地獄依據各朝代的說法都不盡相同，十八層地獄原來叫「十八泥犁」，東漢安世高便譯有《佛說十八泥犁經》。佛教傳入中國後，已經跟中國的道教有所結合，六朝時期，佛家對地獄的說法紛歧，自唐朝之後，才有十八層地獄的說法。
佛經記載
- 《長阿含經》卷十九「世記經地獄品」：「佛告比丘，此四天下有八千天下圍繞其外，復有大海水周匝圍繞八千天下。復有大金剛山遶大海水，金剛山外，復有第二大金剛山。二山中間，窈窈冥冥，日月神天，有大威力，不能以光照及於彼。彼有八大地獄。其一地獄，有十六小地獄。」
- 《地藏菩薩本願經》卷中「地獄名號第五」：「閻浮提東方有山，號曰鐵圍，其山黑遂，無日月光，有大地獄，號極無間，又有地獄名大阿鼻，復有地獄，名曰四角…」
- 真諦譯《佛說立世阿毘曇論》卷六二「云何品」：「從剡浮提向下二萬由旬，是處無間大地獄。從剡浮提向下一萬由旬，是夜摩世間地獄。此二中間有餘地獄。」
- 佛陀跋陀羅《佛說觀佛三昧海經》卷五「觀佛心品」：「阿鼻猛火其焰大熾，赤光火焰照八萬四千由旬，從阿鼻地獄上衝大海沃燋山下。」
- 《妙法蓮華經》馬明菩薩品第三十：「於鐵圍山四面外，兩山中間沃燋山下，各女十八地獄; 於大海底，復安十八阿鼻地獄，一四天下并有九十地獄，以為圍遶百億，四天下合九百億地獄，地獄以為眷屬。」
- 《慈悲三昧水懺法》 慈悲水懺法卷下：「此獄周帀。有七重鐵城。復有七重鐵網。羅覆其上。下有七重鐵刀為林。無量猛火。縱廣八萬四千由白。罪人之身。偏滿其中。罪業因緣。不相 妨礙。
- 上火徹下。下火徹上。東西南北。通徹交過。如魚在鏊。脂膏皆盡。此中罪苦亦復如是。其城四門。有不大銅狗。其身縱廣四千由白。牙爪鋒長。眼如掣電。 復有無量鐵嘴諸鳥。
- 奮翼飛騰。噉罪人肉。牛頭獄卒。形如羅剎。而有九尾。尾如鐵叉。復有九頭。頭上十八角。角有六十四眼。一一眼中。皆悉迸出。諸熱鐵丸。 燒罪人肉。然其一瞋一怒。哮吼之時。聲如霹靂。復有無量無邊刀輪。空中而下。
- 從罪人頂入。從足而出。於是罪人。痛徹骨髓。苦切肝心。如經無數歲。求生不 得。求死不得。」
- 不同佛經中對於地獄的描寫亦有不同，有八大地獄、一百三十六地獄、六萬四千地獄等等說法。
有八熱地獄、十地獄及十六地獄之說。和其他的地獄說法最大不同處在於地獄並非位於地下，而是位於世界盡頭。
在須彌山世界最外側被有如輪子般的鐵輪山包住，鐵輪山又分內外；地獄與閻魔王宮便位於此處。
雙重鐵輪山間是太陽與月光無法到達之處，並常猛烈吹著名為僧佉的暴風；這種風能把人間界的東西全部吹成粉末，且帶有超高溫的火焰以及惡臭。
其八熱地獄依序為想地獄、黑繩地獄、推壓地獄、叫喚地獄、大叫喚地獄、燒灸地獄、大燒灸地獄、無間地獄。
十地獄依序為厚雲地獄、無雲地獄、呵呵地獄、奈呵地獄、羊鳴地獄、須乾提地獄、憂鉢羅地獄、拘物頭地獄、分陀利地獄、鉢頭摩地獄。
十六地獄依序為黑沙地獄、沸屎地獄、五百釘地獄、飢地獄、渴地獄、一銅釜地獄、多銅釜地獄、石磨地獄、膿血地獄、量火地獄、灰河地獄、鐵丸地獄、釿斧地獄、犲狼地獄、劍樹地獄、寒冰地獄。
八熱地獄的四面各有四個門，門外各附有四個小地獄；又名十六遊增地獄、四門地獄、副地獄或近邊地獄，與八熱地獄合計共一百三十六地獄。
其四個小地獄為煻煨增地獄、屍糞增地獄、鋒刃增地獄、烈河增地獄。
等活地獄（Sañjīva）
位於閻浮提地下1千由旬處，長寬各1萬由甸。刑期為等活地獄的500年，等同於人間的1兆6653億年。
黑繩地獄（Kālasūtra）
位於等活地獄之下，痛苦程度為等活地獄的10倍。刑期為黑繩地獄的1000年，等同於人間的13兆年。
眾合地獄（Saṃghāta）
位於黑繩地獄之下，痛苦程度為黑繩地獄的10倍。刑期為眾合地獄的2000年，等同於人間的106兆5800億年。
叫喚地獄（Raurava）
位於眾合地獄之下，痛苦程度為眾合地獄的10倍。刑期為叫喚地獄的4000年，等同於人間的852兆6400年。
大叫喚地獄（Mahāraurava）
位於叫喚地獄之下，痛苦程度為叫喚地獄的10倍。刑期為大叫喚地獄的8000年，等同於人間的6821兆1200億年。
焦熱地獄（Tapana）
位於大叫喚地獄之下，痛苦程度為前五個地獄總合的10倍。刑期為焦熱地獄的16000年，等同於人間的5京3084兆1600年。
大焦熱地獄（Pratāpana）
位於焦熱地獄之下，痛苦程度為前六個地獄總合的10倍。刑期為半中劫，裡面的火焰最大時達高500由甸、寬200由甸，即使離大焦熱地獄3000由旬處仍可聽見罪人的慘叫。
- 一者、日夜受罪，以至劫數，無時間絕，故稱無間。
- 二者、一人亦滿，多人亦滿，故稱無間。
- 三者、罪器叉棒，鷹蛇狼犬，碓磨鋸鑿，剉斫鑊湯，鐵網鐵繩，鐵驢鐵馬，生革絡首，熱鐵澆身，飢吞鐵丸，渴飲鐵汁，從年竟劫，數那由他，苦楚相連，更無間斷，故稱無間。
- 四者、不問男子女人，羌胡夷狄，老幼貴賤，或龍或神，或天或鬼，罪行業感，悉同受之，故稱無間。
- 五者、若墮此獄，從初入時，至百千劫，一日一夜，萬死萬生，求一念間暫住不得，除非業盡，方得受生，以此連綿，故稱無間。
八寒地獄
具皰地獄（Arbuda）
皰裂地獄（Nirarbuda）
罪人身上所生起的皰，裂開形成瘡傷。刑期為具皰地獄刑期的20倍。
緊牙地獄（Atata）
罪人必須咬緊牙關才能使牙齒停止打顫。刑期為皰裂地獄刑期的20倍。
阿啾啾地獄（Hahava）
罪人無法正常發聲，僅能不停的發出「阿啾啾」的聲音。刑期為緊牙地獄刑期的20倍。
阿呼呼地獄（Huhuva）
罪人無法閉上口部，僅能不停的發出「阿呼呼」的嘆氣音。刑期為阿啾啾地獄刑期的20倍。
青蓮地獄／嗢缽羅地獄／優缽羅地獄（Utpala）
罪人皮膚凍為青色，裂成四瓣。刑期為阿呼呼地獄刑期的20倍。
紅蓮地獄／缽特摩地獄（Padma）
罪人的肉凍為紅色，而且裂成八瓣。刑期為青蓮地獄刑期的20倍。
大紅蓮地獄／摩訶缽特摩地獄（Mahapadma）
罪人身體凍為黑紅色，裂開後裡面的血因凍結而無法噴出來，裂成十六瓣、三十二瓣或無數瓣。刑期為紅蓮地獄刑期的20倍。
各種文化中的地獄
不同宗教所描述的地獄酷刑，都只是對肉體進行折磨，並沒有描述過專門對受刑者的情緒、精神進行虐待和折磨的酷刑。
中國地區
根據《太平經》， 人在世間，「為善亦神自知之，惡亦神自知之」，行善之人，則其在陰曹的命簿「無惡之辭」，「天見善，使神隨之，移其命籍，著長壽之曹」，不僅能長壽，而且 還能讓子孫得福，上善之人則能成神；行惡之人，死時則入惡曹地府判罪受罰，而以後還有改過自新的機會。佛教從印度傳入中國後，道教受其影響又發展出了十八 層地獄的概念。
中國人相信，冥幣可使用於地府，故焚燒冥幣，可幫助祖先的經濟來源。另有人相信，通過冥幣能夠買通地獄中的鬼卒，而免於較重的刑罰，而已故親屬的家人往往會在春節、中元節、重陽節、清明掃墓節等節日，也會焚燒冥幣給「陰間」的親屬。
歷史
地獄思想隨著佛經的傳譯，由印度傳入了中國。最早的譯述出現在東漢末年桓帝靈帝時期，安世高便譯有《佛說十八泥犁經》、《佛說罪業應報教化地獄經》等著作。
自此至唐宋時期，佛家的地獄思想便逐漸被中原漢族所接受。至於閻羅王。被認為是地獄的主管，掌管陰曹地府。
十殿閻羅王
十殿閻羅王各有其主、誕辰和專職，簡述如下：
- 第一殿：秦廣王蔣（傳說是：東漢的蔣子文），二月初一日誕辰（一說為二月初二日），專司人間壽夭生死，統管吉凶。
- 第二殿：楚江王歷，三月初一日誕辰，專司等活大地獄，即寒冰地獄。
- 第三殿：宋帝王余（宋帝明王），二月初八日誕辰，專司黑繩大地獄。
- 第四殿：五官王呂（官明王），二月十八日誕辰，專司眾合大地獄，即血池地獄。
- 第五殿：閻羅王包（傳說是：北宋的包拯），正月初八日誕辰，專司叫喚大地獄。
- 第六殿：卞城王畢，三月初八日誕辰，專司大叫喚大地獄及枉死城。
- 第七殿：泰山王董（傳說是：後漢的董極），三月二十七日誕辰，專司熱鬧地獄，即幽冥地獄。
- 第八殿：都市王黃（傳說是：五代的黃思樂），四月初一日誕辰，專司大熱鬧大地獄，即五嶽地獄。
- 第九殿：平等王陸，四月初八日誕辰，專司鐵網阿鼻地獄。
- 第十殿：轉輪王薛，四月十七日誕辰，專司各殿解到鬼魂，區別善惡，核定等級，發往轉世。
十八層地獄
地獄的外圍是鐵圍山，鐵圍山隔斷了陽間與陰界，並且地獄的各個部分也是由鐵圍山隔斷。
十八層地獄是以生前所犯罪行的輕重 來決定受罪時間的長短。每一層地獄比之前一層地獄增苦二十倍和增壽一倍，全是刀兵殺傷、大火大熱、大寒大凍、大坑大谷等的刑罰。當到了第十八層地獄時，苦 已經無法形容，也無法計算出獄的日期了。
佛教之地獄說是與其輪迴觀念有關，以便形象地解析「孽」與「果報」，以導人向善。
早期的猶太人不相信有天堂和地獄，這並非早期猶太教的教義。據古波斯宗教的學者研究，「在巴比倫之囚以前，猶太人並不相信有天堂和地獄。……舊約幾乎沒有提到過天堂和地獄。」此觀念是受瑣羅亞斯德教影響而產生的。
聖經裡的一些描寫和表像：
申命記 29: 23 寫著「遍地都是硫磺、鹽和火燒、沒有耕種、沒有出產、連草都不生長。」
申命記 32: 24「你要被火吞滅」
猶大書 7 「在永火裏受刑罰」
詩篇 11﹕6「有烈火、硫磺、熱風」
以賽亞書 14: 11「陰間，下鋪的是蟲，上蓋的是蛆。」
以賽亞書 38: 18「下到陰間的人 不能盼望你的真理。」
以賽亞書 5: 14「故此、陰間擴張了，開了無限量的口.. .. 尊貴人要降為卑」
以賽亞書 57: 9「自卑自賤 直到陰間」
以西結書 32: 24「與下坑的人一同擔當羞辱」
基督教
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欧洲基督教中世紀的地獄插圖
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按照基督教《聖經》希臘文原文和意義分別是：
- 磯漢那（Geenna），指欣嫩谷，是过去位于耶路撒冷城墙外的一个谷地，当时的以色列人在此焚燒罪犯尸体（如果人犯罪严重就不配复活，因此犹太人认为不知悔改的人不配进入墓地安葬，只能扔到这个谷自然腐烂或者被焚烧）及生活垃圾。
- 当时的人们还在垃圾上撒上硫磺以帮助燃烧，因此这个地方总是烟雾缭绕。
- 海地司（Hades），指死人的地方。
- 塔塔魯斯（Tartaroo），描述撒但及其反叛天使堕落的动词，意思是“扔到tartar里去”。
伊斯兰教各派别基本都完全接受地狱的概念，不像基督教那样，各教派对地狱各执一词。
埃及神話
罪 (宗教)Sins, Dosa
因此，個人有為自己生命負責的必要以及責任。而業力也是主導有情眾生輪迴六趣的因，所以業力不單是影響現世的結果，還會生生不息地延伸至來世。
業力輪迴觀
佛教的因果論是因缘果報。就是说：我们种下了善因，不一定立即产生善报，只有等到缘份到了（因緣成熟）才能(也一定會)得到善報的結果。
反之，所作惡業，亦必於緣熟時始得惡果。因此經言：假使經百劫，所作業不亡，因緣會遇時，果報還自受
例如農民種植果樹作物等，如果能有合適的管理譬如施肥、除草、灌溉、剪除雜枝病枝等，隔年就會有相對豐碩的收穫；施肥、除草、灌溉、剪除雜枝病枝等對於作物的結成果實就是善因，相對豐碩的收穫就是善果。
了达因果皆是实相，名为深信。深信因果是佛法基本信念。一切事物均从因缘而生，有因必有果。
因又称因缘，果又称果报。因和果辗转相生，谓之因果报应。因果说通于过去、现在和未来，谓之“三世。
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罪经常用于指称一种被禁止或不被认可的行为；在某些宗教（特别是基督教的某些教派）中，罪可以指一种思想状态而不是特指一种行为。
口头上任何被认为不道德的、可耻的、有害的或者不友好的思想、言论或行为都可以称为“有罪的”(sinful)。
在各种宗教中对于罪的常见概念有：
- 他人、今生或身后的神和泛指的宇宙对于罪的惩罚。
- 犯罪是否必须故意的问题。
- 自知犯罪者的良知会产生罪恶感的观念。
- 对于罪行大小的判定尺度。
- 对于罪行（表示后悔并保证不再犯）的忏悔，与对过去罪行的救赎（atonement，赎罪）。
- （经常通过与神的交流或者灵媒进行）恕罪的可能性；基督教中常被称为救赎（salvation，不同于赎罪）。
在西方语言中的词源
在英文中“crime”一詞是指违反世俗法律的行为或称罪行，而sin则指宗教概念。sin这个词来源于古英语的synn，最早的使用见于记载是在9世纪。同样的词根出现在几种其他的日耳曼语中，如古诺斯语的synd，或德语的Sünde。可能存在一个日耳曼语的词根*sun(d)jō（字面意为“为真”）。
《新约圣经》中的通用希腊语词汇ἁμαρτία (hamartia)经常被翻译为“罪”。在古典希腊语中它的意思是“未中标记”或“未中目标”，也是古英语中的箭术词汇。但是在新约圣经时代所说的通用希腊语中，这个翻译是不确切的。
因為辛這個詞是从苏美尔的月神名南纳衍生而来。在苏美尔神话《恩里尔与宁里尔》中，辛被囚禁在地下世界，恩里尔与宁里尔的儿子们被献出代替苏恩，使其得以返回地上。
业的果，可能导致生活水平下降、艰难困苦、毁形灭迹以及所有方式的生命中的不和谐，也可能导致身体健康、万事顺利，以及生命的和谐。善行结善果，恶行生恶果。业与果就是你自己的行为与结果。
犹太教的罪观
根据犹太百科全书，“人必须为犯罪负责，因为人被赋予了自由意志("Behirah")；而且他天生意志薄弱，心欲做恶：“人 从小时心里怀着恶念”（创世记8:21; Yoma 20a; Sanh. 105a）。因此上帝仁慈地允许人们忏悔与被宽恕。”
犹太教认为每个人都在生命中的不同时间犯了罪，也认为上帝是恩威並施的。
这是最严重的罪行类别。第二类是过失犯罪者。这被称为 “B'shogeg”，虽然当事人仍然需要为自己的行为负责，但是被认为严重程度较轻。
第三类是“Tinok Shenishba”——某些在被同化的或非犹太社区长大，不懂得正规的犹太律法（“哈拉卡”）的人。这种人不被认为应为其行为负责。
- Pesha（蓄意犯罪；现代希伯来语：（法律上的）犯罪）或Mered（字面意思：反叛））——故意犯罪；某种蓄意对抗上帝的行为（史特朗经文汇编:H6588(פשע pesha', peh'shah)）。按史特朗的说法，它是由字根pasha`(H6586:)——反叛、犯错、冒犯——而来。
- Avon（字面意思：罪恶）——此罪为性欲或无法控制的感情。它是一种自知的犯罪，但不算蔑视上帝（史特朗经文汇编:H5771 (avon, aw-vone)）。按史特朗的说法，它是由字根`avah(:H5753:)——意为不正常、道德邪恶：错误、罪恶、损害——而来。
- Cheit——这是一种无意的罪、犯罪或过失。（史特朗经文汇编::H2399 (חַטָּא chate)）。按史特朗的说法，它是由字根khaw-taw (:H2398, H2403)——意为“错过，（射箭）未中目标，犯罪，失足”——而来。
1. 上帝对犯罪的人是仁慈的，即使知道人能够犯罪。
2. 上帝即使对已犯罪的人也是仁慈的。
3. 上帝代表了仁慈的力量，即使在一个人并不期盼也不应获得仁慈的情况下。
4. 上帝是怜悯的，并减轻罪过的惩罚。
5. 上帝是和善的，即使对并不值得善对的人。
6. 上帝是不易怒的。
7. 上帝的善意是绰绰有余的。
8. 上帝是诚实的神，因此我们可以依信上帝饶恕悔过的罪人的保证。
10. 上帝原谅有意的犯罪，若犯罪者忏悔。
11. 上帝原谅蓄意的挑衅，若犯罪者忏悔。
12. 上帝原谅过失而犯下的罪。
13. 上帝从悔罪者身上把罪除去。
因为犹太人受“效法上帝”教义所指引，从而仿效上帝，拉比们在制定犹太律法与当时的应用法规时也将这些表现考虑在内。
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一次，约翰南·本·扎卡伊拉比和约霍书亚拉比在耶路撒冷散步，他们走到了耶路撒冷圣殿处，那时它已成为废墟。“我们真不幸，”约霍书亚拉比哭喊道，“这座以色列的赎罪之屋现在倒塌成了废墟。”约翰南拉比回答说：“我们有另一个一样重要的的救赎之源——良善怜恤(gemilut hasadim)，正如常说的：‘我喜爱良善，不喜爱祭祀。’”
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巴比伦塔木德教导说：“约翰南拉比和埃勒阿扎尔拉比都解释过只要圣殿屹立，神坛会为以色列赎罪，但是现在（当把穷人请来作为客人时）一个人的餐桌也能赎罪。”(祷福书55a)
“敬畏之日”(至圣日，即犹太新年和赎罪日)的传统祈祷文称祷告、忏悔和仁爱(tzedakah)都是悔罪的方法。在犹太教中，对人(而不是对人或在心里)犯下的罪必须首先被纠正和尽全力来改正；没有尽全力纠正的罪不能说是已赎的罪。
犹太教的赎罪概念
应当注意，现代的保守派犹太教徒和基督教徒主张犹太人从不相信所有的献祭都是用来赎罪的，只有赎罪祭和赎愆祭有这个目的； 但是现代的早期犹太历史学者经常提出反对并认为这种区分是后来才出现的。
圣经中较晚的先知偶尔会大致声明一下，人的心灵比献祭更重要：“耶和华喜悦燔祭和 平安祭，岂如喜悦人听从他的话呢？听命胜于献祭。
顺从胜于公羊的脂油。”(撒母耳记上15:22)；“我喜爱良善，不喜爱祭祀，喜爱认识神，胜于燔祭。”(何西阿书6:6)；“神所要的祭，就是忧伤的灵。……忧伤痛悔的心”(诗篇51:17)（参见以赛亚书1:11，诗篇40:6-8）。
尽管动物献祭是赎罪的规定，但是希伯来圣经并没有说动物献祭是赎罪的唯一方式。
希伯来圣经教导说通过忏悔和祷告回归上帝是可能的。比如在约拿书和以斯帖记中，犹太人和异教徒都在忏悔，向上帝祷告并得到赦免，没有进行任何动物献祭。
一个悔罪常用的“献祭”方法是把面包放到水里，象征罪的消失和此人重新被上帝记在生命册上。犹太教公认的至圣日——赎罪日强调了这一点。
悔罪本身也是一中救赎的方法(见以西結書33:11，33:19，耶利米书36:3等)。希伯来语中的悔罪一词是teshuvah，字面意思是“回归（上帝）”。先知何西阿说：“当归向耶和华，用言语祷告他……”(何西阿书14:2)犹太教教义认为和上帝的个人关系允许人无论何时都可回归上帝，如瑪拉基書3:7：“你们要转向我，我就转向你们。”
和以西結書18:27：“恶人若回头离开所行的恶，行正直与合理的事，他必将性命救活了。”另外，上帝是极其怜悯和宽容的，正如但以理書9:18指出的：“我们在你面前恳求，原不是因自己的义，乃因你的大怜悯。”
应注意现代犹太教对罪和赎罪的看法与希伯来圣经并不一致，更多来自见于犹太教口头律法中的圣经律法。
基督教的罪观
这由来于创世纪中的亚当和夏娃。他们违抗上帝偷吃了分别善恶树上 的果实。此时他们拥有了上帝的自行判断善恶的能力。因此，当亚当和夏娃从树上摘果子吃——而上帝禁止这一行为——时，死亡由罪而生；“认为他们可以比拟于 神，违抗神命，就是罪”。
这宗罪使亚当和他的子孙不能接近生命树，他们的寿命不再是无限的。“这就如罪是从一人入了世界，死又是从罪来的，于是死就临到众人，因为众人都犯了罪”(Romans 5:12)。
在基督教神学中，耶稣死在基督十字架上是对亚当之罪的救赎。“在亚当里众人都死了。照样，在基督里众人也都要复活”(1 Corinthians 15:22)。
新约中被翻译成“罪”的希腊语词汇是hamartia，字面上的意思是错失目标。约翰一书3章4节说：“凡犯罪的，就是违背律法。违背律法就是罪。”耶稣订立了律法的基础，从而澄清了律法：“耶稣对他说，你要尽心，尽性，尽意，爱主你的神。
这是诫命中的第一，且是最大的。其次也相仿，就是要爱人如己。这两条诫命，是律法和先知一切道里的总纲。”(Matthew 22:36-40)“律法”指的是出埃及记中上帝要求追随者遵循的十戒(Exodus 20:1-17)。
”这一节是基督教的共同信条（见约翰福音）。某些基督教派相信救赎不是由行善而得，而是仅由信仰与遵循他们的宗教律法。这些基督徒相信人性因为有罪（不完美）不及上帝的“完美的荣光”，但是弥赛亚耶稣的牺牲提供了救赎的可能(给罗马人的信函3:23-24)。参见基督教律法。
罗马天主教观点
犯下至于死的罪的人不能享受上帝的荣耀；犯罪本身就是拒绝神。如果不能得到谅解，至于死的罪的结果是永远在地狱中受惩罚。
罗马天主教教义也将罪分为两部分：罪首先是一种罪恶或不道德的行为，破坏了神的律法；其次是罪行导致的不可避免的后果。犯罪可能且的确会将某人被神和社会所疏远。因此，天主教会坚持和好的对象必须同时是神和教会。
- “通过基因改造（或实验）侵犯人类自然权利”
- “药物（滥用），侵蚀意志，障人耳目；”
- “环境污染，”
- 社会经济中日益扩大的贫富差距，“造成无法容忍的社会不公”（积累过多财富，造成贫困）。
这次修正是为了鼓励进行忏悔和参加告解圣事。
至于死的罪是直接违背上帝的严重的和故意的行为，经常被人和七宗死罪：傲慢、妒忌、暴怒，傷悲、貪婪、貪食及色欲相混淆，但是他们并不相同。
Punishments of Hell
Just as those who believe and do good deeds are rewarded for their efforts, those who reject God and rebel against His laws will face punishment in the Hereafter.
Hell is described as a fierce fire that will consume and punish those within it. But beyond the pain and torment of the fire, the ultimate punishment is the shame and disgrace before God.
“Our Lord! Any whom You admit to the Fire, truly You cover them with shame. And never will wrongdoers find any helpers” (Qur'an 3:192).
Just as Paradise contains levels within it, the Fire of Hell contain levels with varying degrees of heat and intensity. People will be placed therein depending on the extent of their disbelief and sins.
The Qur'an indicates that “the hypocrites will be in the lowest depths of the Fire” (Qu'ran 4:145).
Descriptions of the Fire
The Fire of Hell is described throughout the Qur'an to serve as a warning to people about the consequences of the choices they make in life. It is said to be a place of intense heat and suffering, with boiling water, hot wind, and black smoke.
People are burned, dragged along in chains, and constantly tormented. They are given putrid liquid to drink and thorny, bitter plants to eat.
There is no relief for those who are consumed by the punishment: “So taste the results of your evil; no increase shall We give you, except in torment” (78:30).
Indeed, people themselves will supply the fuel for the Fire; the Qur'an repeatedly says that Hellfire is “fueled by men and stones.”
Who Will Be Punished?
The only people who will be punished in Hell eternally with no chance of escape are those who disbelieve in God and associate others with Him in their worship.
The Qur'an says, “But those who reject God, for them will be the Fire of Hell.
No term shall be appointed for them, so they should die, nor shall its punishment be lightened for them. Thus do We reward every ungrateful one!” (35:36).
The Qur'an says, “Those who reject faith, and die rejecting, on them is God's curse, and the curse of the angels, and of all mankind. They will abide therein [Hell]. Their penalty will not be lightened, nor will respite be their lot” (Qur'an 2:161–162).
Hypocrites are equated with disbelievers, and they face the same punishment. “The hypocrites, men and women, are alike. They enjoin evil, and forbid what is just, and tighten their purse strings.
They have forgotten God, so He has forgotten them. Verily the hypocrites are rebellious and perverse. God has promised the hypocrites, men and women, and the rejecters of faith, the Fire of Hell.
Therein shall they dwell; sufficient is it for them. For them is the curse of God, and an enduring punishment” (Qur'an 9:68–69).
Those who believe in God may spend a short time in Hell, in punishment for sins they committed during their lives.
Sins such as arrogance, pride, murder, envy, lying, oppression, promiscuity, slander, miserliness, or cowardice may be punished if they are not repented before death. Similarly, one may be punished for transgressing God's limits or for being neglectful of one's duties to God.
Despite the vivid and horrific images of the punishment of Hell, the overwhelming message in the Qur'an is one of God's Mercy and Compassion.
Rewards of Heaven
The Qur'an describes a beautiful and wonderful place that awaits those who believe in God and do righteous good deeds. It is a place of peace, with rivers and fruits, sweet smells, goblets of gold, and the shade of God Himself.
The Qur'an warns that the reality of paradise exceeds the limits of our knowledge and comprehension.
“No person knows what delights of the eye are kept hidden in reserve for them, as a reward for their good deeds” (32:17). Muhammad also reported that God said, “I have prepared for My righteous slaves that which no eye has seen, no ear has heard and has never crossed the mind of any human being.”
The Qur'an is clear that both men and women will dwell in the Garden. “God has promised to believers, men and women, Gardens underneath which rivers flow, to dwell therein, and beautiful mansions in Gardens everlasting.
But the greatest bliss is the good pleasure of God; that is the supreme felicity” (Qur'an 9:72).
Peace in Paradise
The people of the Garden will be happy and peaceful. “The righteous will be amid gardens and fountains. Their greeting will be, ‘Enter here, in peace and security.’
And We shall remove from their hearts any lurking sense of injury. They will be like brothers, joyfully facing each other on thrones [of dignity]. There, no sense of fatigue shall touch them, nor shall they ever be asked to leave” (Qur'an 15:45–48).
The Qur'an also describes that they will experience pure joy and no sense of wickedness. “No frivolity will they hear therein, nor any mischief. Only the saying, ‘Peace! Peace!’” (Qur'an 56:25–26).
“Verily the companions of the Garden shall that day have joy in all that they do. They and their associates will be in pleasant shade, reclining on couches of dignity.
Every fruit will be there for them; they shall have whatever they call for. ‘Peace!’ — a word of salutation from a Lord Most Merciful” (Qur'an 36:55–58).
God's Company
The greatest reward for those in the Garden will be the company and pleasure of God. Beyond the comfortable surroundings, people will feel peaceful joy in the presence of their Lord. Muhammad said, “Then the screen will be removed and they will look towards Him.
By God, He will not give them a thing more beloved to them and more comforting to their eyes, than the gaze of Himself.” Heaven in Islam is not merely a physical reward; spiritual redemption is the highest goal.
The Levels of Paradise
The Qur'an indicates that some people will be higher (more respected and closer to God) than others.
There will be different levels, and people will be assigned to these levels based on the strength of their faith and the purity of their hearts. “And those foremost (in faith) will be foremost (in the Hereafter). These will be those nearest to God, in Gardens of Bliss” (56:10–12).
The idea that there are seventy-two virgins awaiting each righteous man in Paradise is a misinterpretation of Islamic teaching. The Qur'an mentions “companions” for all believers, men and women.
The Arabic word for “companions” (plural of houri) does not have a sexual connotation. Indeed, the Qur'an uses the same word to refer to the disciples of Jesus.
Muhammad once told his followers that the highest level of Paradise is reserved for those who sacrifice their lives for the sake of God, martyred for a righteous cause. A person who helps widows and the poor will be at the same level.
“They will have the pleasure of occupying the highest dwellings in Paradise. Your Lord will smile at them, and whenever your Lord smiles upon any of His servants, that person will not be brought to account,” he said.
The Day of Judgment
The Qur'an describes the Day of Judgment as a day of happiness for the believers and a day of panic and fear for those who rejected God.
God will sort the people into groups, review their records, and either bless them with His Mercy or punish them.
God is a perfect Judge, and He will be balanced and fair, taking into account every aspect of a person's life. “On that Day will men proceed in groups sorted out, to be shown the deeds that they had done.
Then shall anyone who has done an atom's weight of good, see it! And anyone who has done an atom's weight of evil shall see it” (Qur'an 99:6–8).
Islam contends that it is not consistent with God's perfect Justice that all people be treated the same, whether they were good or bad, whether they believed or disbelieved.
Rather, God's Justice requires that there should be reward for faith and good works and punishment for disbelief and evil works. God's Mercy overshadows all.
The Book of Deeds
Every person on earth will have a book that contains a record of everything he or she said or did during his or her lifetime. The Qur'an explains the reaction people will have when reading their own book: “And the Book will be placed before you.
And you will see the sinful in great terror, because of what is recorded therein. They will say, ‘Oh, woe to us! What book is this? It leaves out nothing, great or small, but takes account of it.’ They will find all that they did, placed before them. And not one will your Lord treat with injustice” (Qur'an 18:49).
Personal Responsibility
On the Day of Judgment, each person will be responsible only for his or her own faith and actions. In Islam, there is no concept of original sin or any sort of “fall from grace” of mankind.
Islam rejects the notion of atonement, that someone (even God Himself) could sacrifice himself to save others.
According to the Qur'an, “Who receives guidance, receives it for his own benefit; who goes astray does so to his own loss. No bearer of burdens can bear the burden of another, nor would We punish until We had sent a messenger to give warning” (Qur'an 17:15).
The Scales of Justice
The Qur'an describes how God will use perfect scales of justice to weigh a person's good and evil deeds. “We shall set up scales of justice for the Day of Judgment, so that not a soul will be dealt with unjustly in the least.
And if there be no more than the weight of a mustard seed, We will bring it into account” (Qur'an 21:47).
Based on the results, a person will find reward in Paradise, or punishment in Hell. “Then those whose balance of good deeds is heavy, they will be successful. But those whose balance is light will be those who have lost their souls. In Hell will they abide” (Qur'an 23:102–103).
Throughout this process, God will show compassion and mercy to those who strove to believe and do the right thing.
The Bridge over Hell
Islam teaches that after the Judgment, people will cross a bridge called As-Siraat (the Path). This bridge is described as being sharper than a sword and thinner than a strand of hair.
Those crossing the bridge will look down and see the horrors of Hell. The blessed will go on to the open gates of Paradise, where angels will greet them in peace and welcome them. Those who are destined for punishment in Hell will fall off the bridge into the pit below.
Signs of the Hour
When will this Day come? When people asked Muhammad, he would always answer that this knowledge was with God alone.
However, according to several traditions, he did indicate that some major and minor signs would appear before the day arrived.
Minor Signs
The Prophet Muhammad specified several “minor” signs that would appear as the end times approach. Among them:
· Shepherds will begin competing in the construction of tall buildings.
· Drinking and fornication will increase; killing will increase.
· Earthquakes will increase in number.
· Knowledge of Islam will be taken away, while ignorance will increase.
· Time will be shortened so that a year will be like a month, a month like a day, a day like an hour.
There are dozens more of these minor signs, and Muslims notice that many of them have already begun to appear.
But that doesn't necessarily mean that the Day of Judgment could come at any moment. There will also be “major” signs that signify that the Hour is imminent.
Major Signs
The Prophet Muhammad described several major events that will indicate that the Day of Resurrection is near. These include:
· Dajjal (the anti-Christ) will appear, claiming to be God and trying to deceive people away from true faith. Only unbelievers will follow him.
· Jesus Christ will return to earth.
· Two tribes of people (Gog and Magog) will ravage the earth.
· The sun will rise from the west.
The Day of Resurrection
Muslims believe that the entire world will come to an end on one appointed day, when everything will be annihilated.
The Qur'an describes the Day of Resurrection (Youm al-Qiyama) as follows: “When the sky bursts apart, when planets are dispersed, when the seas spill forth, when graves are overturned, then each soul will know what it sent forward and what it left behind” (Qur'an 82:1–5).
At the moment of the final Hour, a trumpet will call the people to assembly. This trumpet will be blown by the angel Israfeel (Raphael), and will notify people that the time of Judgment has arrived.
All living creatures, all people past and present, will be gathered together before God.
There will be a mass panic as everyone starts worrying about the coming Judgment. “Then when the Trumpet is blown, there will be no more relationships between them that day, nor will one ask after another” (Qur'an 23:101).
The Soul's Temporary Dwelling Place
What actually happens to our souls when we die? Islam teaches that at the moment of death, the Angel of Death comes to remove the soul from the body. The souls of good people are lifted out gently, while the souls of wicked people are yanked out with terrifying force.
After the soul is lifted from the body, the angels carry it up to the gates of Heaven. There the person will become aware of whether he or she is destined for Heaven or Hell. Then God orders the soul to be returned to earth.
When the soul is returned to the earth, it rests in the grave until the Day of Resurrection. Muhammad taught that the soul rests in the company of angels, who question the person about his or her beliefs. They ask three questions: Who is your Lord? Who was your prophet? What was your way of life?
Muslims reject the belief that the souls of the departed may dwell among human beings, interact with them, harm or benefit them, or communicate with them. Islam teaches that the dead stay in the grave until the Day of Resurrection.
If the soul responds adequately to these questions, then the angels give it pleasant company, and the grave begins to seem spacious and comfortable.
If the person shows rejection of God in the answers, then the space of the grave begins to seem tight and suffocating. The angels will torment such souls until the Day of Judgment. This is known as the punishment of the grave.
Life after Death
Death is a natural event that none of us can escape. Throughout time, religions have tried to explain what happens to us after death.
Muslims believe that a person's soul leaves the body and awaits a final Day of Judgment before God. At the time of that Judgment, God will show mercy and justice and decide who will be rewarded and who will be punished.
He will reward those who have “believed and worked deeds of righteousness” with eternal paradise, called Jannah (the Garden).
As for those who have rejected faith and done evil, Allah will either forgive them in His mercy, or punish them in eternal Hellfire, called Jahannam (a word related to other Arabic words that mean “displeasure,” “ignorance,” and “frown”).
This Life and the Hereafter
Muslims live their lives — work, marry, and raise children — with the Hereafter in mind. They strive to use every opportunity to deepen their faith in God, follow His guidance, and do good deeds.
It is very easy to get caught up in the hustle and bustle of life without a thought to what comes next. In Islamic terms, the life we are living now is called the dunya — something earthly, temporal, and low.
The Islamic term taqwa is used to describe how human beings should relate to God. While it is often translated as “fear God,” a more accurate meaning would be “to approach God with piety and reverence.” Muslims are not afraid of God but revere Him and strive to do His will.
The Hereafter is what Muslims believe is most important; in Islamic terminology, it is called the akhirah, “the end” or “the last.”
The akhirah is what is to come at the end of our lives here, and the final aim of all believers is to be in a good place for the rest of eternity. To this end, Muslims try not to get distracted from their true purpose: to worship God and to strive in righteousness.
The Qur'an reminds: “Oh you who believe! Revere God, and let every soul look to what he has sent forth for tomorrow [the Hereafter]. Yes, revere God, for God is Well-Acquainted with all that you do.
And do not be like those who forgot God, and He made them forget themselves. Such are the rebellious transgressors” (Qur'an 59:18–19).
Salvation in God
Muslims believe that God is merciful and compassionate and does not require of us more than we can handle. In Islam, salvation requires piety and good action but is only possible through the Mercy of God.
To keep this knowledge at the forefront of believers' minds, nearly all of the chapters of the Qur'an begin with the phrase, “In the name of Allah, Most Gracious, Most Merciful.”
In the Qur'an, God promises the reward of Paradise for those who show piety and reverence to Him, who conduct themselves in accordance with their faith, who obey His will and law, who make sacrifices for His sake, and who repent of their misconduct.
The important thing is to make a sincere effort to live as God has requested, for God knows our hearts and our intentions.
Despite our best efforts, we will always fall short. We are human and we all make mistakes. Muslims believe that God, the One Who created us, knows this and shows us mercy.
We do not “earn” our way into Heaven; only by the Mercy and Grace of God does He reward our efforts.
Above all, Allah is quick to forgive and show mercy to those who struggle, make errors, and then repent. “If anyone errs or wrongs his own soul, but afterwards seeks Allah's forgiveness, he will find Allah Oft-Forgiving, Most Merciful” (Qur'an 4:110).
Original Sin
At this point, the story begins to differ greatly from the biblical account. After Adam and Eve realized their mistake, they immediately sought forgiveness from God.
“They said: ‘Our Lord! We have wronged our souls. If You forgive us not, and bestow not upon us Your Mercy, we shall certainly be lost’” (Qur'an 7:23).
The Qur'an describes that Allah taught Adam some words to use to seek repentance. “Then Adam learned from his Lord certain words, and Allah accepted his repentance, for He is Oft-Forgiving, Most Merciful” (Qur'an 2:37).
In Islam, there is no concept of original sin. The first human beings made a mistake and asked for forgiveness, and God showed them mercy. This is a pattern that would endure throughout time.
Islam teaches that God created us and therefore knows our weaknesses and vulnerabilities.
He does not hold us accountable for what we cannot uphold, nor does He accept atonement given on behalf of someone else. But in His Grace and Mercy, those who believe and repent may be forgiven for their misdeeds.
Life on Earth
After accepting their repentance, God ordered Adam and Eve to go down to earth to do their work, worship God, and await their return to Him.
Allah promised them that guidance will be sent and that any who believe in God and follow His guidance will see joy and happiness in the Hereafter. “We said, ‘Get you down all from here.
And if, as is sure, there comes to you guidance from Me, whoever follows My guidance, on them shall be no fear, nor shall they grieve. But those who reject faith and belie Our signs, they shall be companions of the Fire; they shall abide therein’” (Qur'an 2:38–39).
Throughout these accounts of Adam and Eve's creation and their subsequent fall are several underlying lessons:
· God created human beings with a special nature and responsibility toward the earth.
· Satan was rejected because of his arrogance and disobedience of God.
· All human beings should strive to follow God and reject attempts to dissuade them from the Straight Path.
· God's Mercy and Grace are abundant and limitless, so we should seek His guidance and protection.
Muslims believe that the purpose of our lives is to worship and serve God. The time of each person on earth is limited, and in the end all human beings will return to God for judgment.
Islamic eschatology is the branch of Islamic scholarship that studies Yawm al-Qiyāmah pronounced yome-ul-key-ah-mah (Arabic: يوم القيامة "the Day of Resurrection") or Yawm ad-Din pronounced yome-ul-dean (Arabic: يوم الدين "the Day of Judgment").
This is believed to be the final assessment of humanity by Allah, with annihilation of all life, resurrection, and judgment.
The time of the event is not specified, although there are major and minor signs which have been foretold to happen with Qiyamah at the end of time.[1][2] Many verses of Qur'anic Sura contain the motif of the impending the Day of Resurrection.
The 75th Sura of the Qur'an, "al-Qiyama", has as its main subject the resurrection. Its tribulation is also described in the hadith, and commentaries of Islamic expositors such as al-Ghazali, Ibn Kathir, Ibn Majah, al-Bukhari, and Ibn Khuzaymah. The Day of Judgment is also known as the Day of Reckoning, the Last Day and al-sā'ah, or the Hour.
The hadith describe end time with more specificity than the Qur'an, describing the events of al-Qiyamah through twelve major signs. At the time of judgment, terrible corruption and chaos will rule.
The Mahdi will be sent and with the help of Isa, will battle Masih ad-Dajjal. They will triumph, liberating Islam from cruelty, and this will be followed by a time of serenity with people living true to religious values.
Like other Abrahamic religions, Islam also teaches resurrection of the dead, a final tribulation and eternal division of the righteous and wicked.
Islamic apocalyptic literature describing Armageddon is often known as fitnah, malāhim, or ghaybah in Shī‘a Islam. Righteous are rewarded with pleasures of Jannah, while unrighteous are tortured in Jahannam.
Separation of righteous and the damned at al-Qiyamah
The eighth sign is a breeze bearing a pleasant scent will emanate from Yemen, causing the awliya, sulaha and the pious to die peacefully once they inhale it.
After the believers die, there will be a period of 120 years during which the world will hold only kafirs, sinners, oppressors, liars and adulterers, and there would be a reversion to idolatry.
The ninth sign is the rising of the sun from the West after a long night, which after midday will set again. According to Hadith:
Abu Hurayrah states that the Messenger of Allah (swt) A said, “The Hour will not be established until the sun rises from the West and when the people see it they will have faith. But that will be (the time) when believing of the soul, that will have not believed before that time, will not benefit it.
—Ibn Maja, as-Sunan, vol. 2 p 1352-53
The final signs will be nafkhatu'l-ula, when the trumpet will be sounded for the first time, and which will result in the death of the remaining sinners. Then there will be a period of forty years.
Then a second trumpet will sound to signal the resurrection. As written in the Qur'an:
The Trumpet will (just) be sounded, when all that are in the heavens and on earth will swoon, except such as it will please Allah (to exempt). Then will a second one be sounded, when, behold, they will be standing and looking on!
Finally, there will be no more injustice:
Surely God does not do injustice to the weight of an ant, and if it is a good deed He multiplies it and gives from Himself a great reward.
—Sura 4 An-Nisa, ayah 40
Resurrection of the dead
In the Qur'an, barzakh (Arabic: برزخ) is the intermediate state in which nafs of the deceased are held between realities to rest with loved ones until Qiyamah.
The eleventh sign is the second sounding of the trumpet, at which time the dead will be resurrected as ba'as ba'da'l-mawt.
All will be naked and running to the Place of Gathering, while the enemies of Allah will be travelling on their faces with their legs upright. Muhammad himself will be travelling on a buraq accompanied by 70,000 angels.
At divine judgment, each person's Book of Deeds will be read, in which 'every small and great thing is recorded', will be read, with actions before adolescence not written.
\Records shall be given in the right hand if they are good, and the left if they are evil. Even the smallest acts will not be ignored:
Then shall anyone who has done an atom's weight of good, see it!
And anyone who has done an atom's weight of evil, shall see it.
And anyone who has done an atom's weight of evil, shall see it.
—Qur'an, sura 99 Az-Zalzala, ayat 7-8
This will be followed by perfect, divine and merciful justice. The age of the hereafter, or rest of eternity, is the final stage after the Day of Judgment, when all will receive their judgment from God.
Those who believe in that which is revealed unto thee, Muhammad, and those who are Jews, and Christians, and Sabians - whoever believeth in Allah and the Last Day and doeth right - surely their reward is with their Lord, and there shall no fear come upon them neither shall they grieve.
—Qur'an, sura 2 Al-Baqara, ayah 62
The dead will stand in a grand assembly, awaiting a scroll detailing their righteous deeds, sinful acts and ultimate judgment. Muhammad will be the first to be resurrected.
If one did good deeds, one would go to Jannah, and if unrighteous would go to Jahannam. Punishments will include adhab, or severe pain, and khizy or shame.
There will also be a punishment of the grave (for those who disbelieved) between death and the resurrection.
While appearing similar to certain parts of the Bible (Ezekiel, James, 1 Peter,[59] Revelation), this is dissimilar to some Protestant branches of Christianity, where salvation comes by faith in Jesus alone.
Catholics, however, cite James 2:24as evidence that judgment is not based on faith alone. Islam emphasizes that grace does not conflict with perfect justice.
Major signs
Following the second period, the third will be marked by the twelve major signs known as amaratu's-sa'ah al- kubra. They are as follows:
2. The false messiah, Masih ad-Dajjal, shall appear as a great beast-like creature with one eye good and the other blind, and the mark of Kafir. He will claim to hold keys to heaven and hell and lead many astray, although believers will not be deceived.
3. The return of Isa, from the third sky to kill Dajjal and wipe out all falsehood and religions other than Islam.
4. Ya'jooj and Ma'jooj, two tribes of vicious beings which had been imprisoned will escape.
5. They will ravage the earth, drink all the water of mediterranean sea dry, and kill all believers in their way (or see).
6. Isa, Imam Al-Mahdi, and the believers with them will go to the top of a mountain and pray for the destruction of Gog and Magog.
7. Allah will eventually send worms and insects to wipe them out, and then birds with necks like camels will come and pick up Gog and Magog and take them somewhere.
8. Medina will be deserted, with true believers going to follow Mahdi and sinners following Dajjal
9. A short legged and thin ruler of Ethiopia will attack Mecca and destroy the Kabah
10. A huge black cloud that will look like the black filth of oil (and will cover the earth) will appear
11. The sun will rise from the west
12. Dabbat al-ard, or the Beast of the Last Days will populate the entire planet. The beast of the earh (Al-Jassasah) will carry the staff of Musa and the cloak of Suleiman will inform people if they believed or disbelievd.
13. At this time, the disbelievers will say, "We believe, we believe", but no good will they benefit them.
14.Some worthy like pharaoh(firoun) will still deny the existence of God during this time and after.
15. He will stamp the noses of the disbelievers with a black mark and the noses of the believers with a white mark, leaving word Ka'fir (disbeliever) on the disbelievers and Mu'min (believer) on the believers.
16. It will come to the extent where people will be calling each other by their marks, dibeliever or believer.
17. A pleasant breeze will blow from Yemen that shall cause all believers to die.
18. Religious Islamic knowledge will be lost to the extent where people will not say "La Illaha Ilallah" (There is no God, but God), but instead the old people will recall "Allah, Allah"
19. People will fornicate on the streets 'like donkeys'
20. A first trumpet will be sounded by Israfil, and all remaining humanity will die, followed by a period of forty years, at the end of which smoke will envelope the world for forty days
21. The Qur'an will be taken to heaven and even the huffaz will not recall its verses
22. A second trumpet will sound, the dead will return to life and a fire will start from Hadramawt in Yemen that shall gather all people of the world in Mahshar for the Qiy'amah
23. The Last Judgment, Final Judgment, Day of Judgment, Judgment Day, or The Day of the Lord or in Islam Yawm al-Qiyāmah or Yawm ad-Din is part of the eschatological world view of the Abrahamic religions and in the Frashokereti of Zoroastrianism.
24. In Christian theology, it is the final and eternal judgment by God of every nation.
25. The concept is found in all the Canonical gospels, particularly the Gospel of Matthew.
26.Christian Futurists believes it will take place after the Resurrection of the Dead and the Second Coming of Christ while Full Preterists believe it has already occurred.
27. The belief has inspired numerous artistic depictions.
28. The doctrine and iconographic depiction of the "Last Judgment" are drawn from many passages from the apocalyptic sections of the Bible. It appears most directly in The Sheep and the Goats section of the Gospel of Matthew where the judgment is entirely based on help given or refused to "the least of these":
29. "When the Son of Man comes in His glory. All the nations will be gathered before Him, and He will separate people one from another as a shepherd separates his sheep from the goats, and He will set the sheep on His right hand but the goats at the left.
30. Then the king will say to those on His right hand, “Come, you blessed of My Father, inherit the kingdom prepared for you from the foundation of the world; for I was hungry and you gave me food, I was thirsty and you gave me drink
31. I was a stranger and you took Me in, I was naked and you clothed Me, I was sick and you visited me, I was in prison and you came to me.” ... “Assuredly, I say to you, inasmuch as you did it to one of the least of these My Brethren, you did it to me.”
32."Then He will also say to those on the left hand, “Depart from Me, you cursed, into the everlasting fire prepared for the devil and his angels; for I was hungry and you gave Me no food, I was thirsty and you gave Me no drink,
33. I was a stranger and you did not take Me in, naked and you did not clothe Me, sick and in prison and you did not visit Me.” ... “Assuredly, I say to you, inasmuch as you did not do it to one of the least of these, you did not do it to me.”
34. And these will go away into everlasting punishment, but the righteous into eternal life."(Matthew 25:31-36, 40-43, 45-46 NRSV)
35.The doctrine is further supported by passages in the Books of Daniel, Isaiah and the Revelation:
36."And I saw a great white throne, and him that sat on it, from whose face the earth and the heaven fled away; and there was found no place for them.
37.And I saw the dead, small and great, stand before God; and the books were opened: and another book was opened, which is the book of life: and the dead were judged out of those things which were written in the books, according to their works." (Rev 20:11-12)
38. Adherents of millennialism, mostly Protestant Christians, regard the two passages as describing separate events: the "sheep and goats" judgment will determine the final status of those persons alive at the end of the Tribulation, and the "Great White Throne" judgment will be the final condemnation of the unrighteous dead at the end of all time, after the end of the world and before the beginning of the eternal period described in the final two chapters of Revelation
39. Also, Matthew 3:10-12:
40."Even now the axe is lying at the root of the trees; every tree therefore that does not bear good fruit is cut down and thrown into the fire. ‘I baptize you with water for repentance, but one who is more powerful than I is coming after me; I am not worthy to carry his sandals.
41.He will baptize you with the Holy Spirit and fire. His winnowing fork is in his hand, and he will clear his threshing-floor and will gather his wheat into the granary; but the chaff he will burn with unquenchable fire.’"
42. Matthew 13:40-43:
43."Just as the weeds are collected and burned up with fire, so will it be at the end of the age.
44.The Son of Man will send his angels, and they will collect out of his kingdom all causes of sin and all evildoers, and they will throw them into the furnace of fire, where there will be weeping and gnashing of teeth.
45.Then the righteous will shine like the sun in the kingdom of their Father. Let anyone with ears listen!"
46.Luke 12:4-5,49:
47."‘I tell you, my friends, do not fear those who kill the body, and after that can do nothing more.
48.But I will warn you whom to fear: fear him who, after he has killed, has authority to cast into hell. Yes, I tell you, fear him! ... ‘I came to bring fire to the earth, and how I wish it were already kindled!'
49. In Islam, Yawm al-Qiyāmah (Arabic: يوم القيامة "the Day of Resurrection") or Yawm ad-Din (Arabic: يوم الدين "the Day of Judgment") is believed to be God's (Arabic: Allāh's) final assessment of humanity.
50.The sequence of events (according to the most commonly held belief) is the annihilation of all creatures, resurrection of the body, and the judgment of all sentient creatures.
51.The exact time when these events will occur is unknown, however there are said to be major and minor signs which are to occur near the time of Qiyamat (End time).
52.Many verses of the Qu'ran, especially the earlier ones, are dominated by the idea of the nearing of the day of resurrection.
53. Belief in al-Qiyāmah is considered a fundamental tenet of faith by all Muslims. Belief in the day of Judgement is one of the six articles of faith.
54. The trials and tribulations associated with it are detailed in both the Qur'an and the hadith, as well as in the commentaries of the Islamic expositors and scholarly authorities such as al-Ghazali, Ibn Kathir, Ibn Majah, Muhammad al-Bukhari, and Ibn Khuzaimah who explain them in detail. Every human, Muslim and non-Muslim alike, is believed to be held accountable for their deeds and are believed to be judged by God accordingly.
55. The importance of the 'last judgment' is underlined by the many references to it in the Qur'an and its many names. For example, it is also called "the Day of Reckoning","the Hour","the Last Day""Day of Judgment", "Day of the Reckoning".
56. Judaism
57. In Judaism, the day of judgment happens every year on Rosh Hashanah (a day which is also known as Yom HaDin, Judgment Day), therefore the belief in a last day of judgment for all mankind is disputed.
58. Some Rabbis hold that there will be such a day following the resurrection of the dead. Others hold that there is no need for that because of Rosh Hashanah.
59. While yet others hold that this accounting and judgment happens when one dies. Yet others hold that the last judgment only applies to the nations and not the Jewish people
60. The Last Judgment by Lochner in the 15th century.
末世论或末日論（Eschatology）
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